IMAGE01 The Roman Empire: Northern and Southern Europe and the Middle East at the end of fourth century, showing division of territories into diocese. Not Available At This Time. Source: Hubert, p. 355.
IMAGE02 Western Voyages of the Norsemen, showing links between England, Ireland, Scandinavia, and North America. Source: Vikings in the West. Not Available At This Time.
IMAGE03 A map showing important monastic centers in Ireland--Bangor, Dublin, and Tallaght--and Iona, along with Lindisfarne and Monkwearmouth-Jarrow in Northumbria.
IMAGE04 Cotton Tiberius B.V: The Map of the World. On this map, North is left and West is down. England ("Brittania") is located in the extreme lower left, surrounding Ireland ("Hibernia"). A close-up shows England and Ireland ("Hibernia"). Note that Kent ("Cantia"), the southeastern part of England, is placed west of Winchester ("Wintonia"). Not Available At This Time. Source: Hill, p. 3, plate 4.
IMAGE05 St. Paul's Journey to Italy. Not Available At This Time. Source: Oxford Annotated Bible (RSV).
IMAGE06 This is a map of Augustine's route from Rome to England, 596-97 A.D. Source: Hill, p. 146, plate 237.
IMAGE07 Canterbury and Thanet: part of a sheltered waterway system. Not Available At This Time. Source: Hill, p. 14, plate 19.
IMAGE08 Points of departure for many voyages to the Continent. Not Available At This Time. Source: Wormald, p. 71, plate 72, in Campbell.
IMAGE09 Ceolfrith's route from Monkwearmouth-Jarrow to the mouth of the Humber River, the Frisian Islands, and the kingdoms of the Franks. Source: Brown, p. 13.
IMAGE10 France, showing Tauberbishofsheim, Leofgyth's monastery; Fulda, where she and Boniface are buried, and Langres, where Ceolfrith died. Source: Hill, p. 149, plate 242.
IMAGE11 Norway (Northweg), Sweden (Sweon), and Finland (Finnas), showing Ohthere's first voyage, which extends as far north and then east as he could travel. Source: Lund, pp. 26-27.
IMAGE12 A map of England, northern Germany, and parts of Scandinavia, showing Ohthere's second voyage. Ohthere's destinations include Hedeby, in Denmark, and three ports in Norway and Sweden--Kaupang, Galtaback, and Isefjord. Hedeby was also Wulfstan's point of departure. Source: Hill, p. 120, plate 202.
IMAGE13 Ohthere's ship was a cargo boat. This is a drawing of a deep-sea cargo ship known as Skuldelev 1. Source: Lund, p. 31.
IMAGE14 This is a cargo ship known as the Klastad merchant ship. Source: Lund, p. 31.
IMAGE15 A drawing from the Bayeux tapestry showing the use of plumb navigation. Source: Lund, p. 41.
IMAGE16 Wulfstan's voyage took him from Hedeby, sailing along the northern coast of what is now Germany and Poland.
IMAGE17 Wulfstan's ship was possibly of the type illustrated by this example, a ship found at Rugen (a point on Wulfstan's voyage directly south of Sweden. Source: Lund, p. 40.
IMAGE18 The Viking Explorations, showing connections linking Scandinavian countries, the British Isles, and North America.
IMAGE19 Noah's ark, an important image in any discussion of navigation, is shown as a church mounted on a medieval ship. Source: Page, p. 20.